Regulatory intelligence · Europe record

What Europe has done about prediction markets, on the record.

63 recorded actions across 24 national jurisdictions, plus EU-level records, each kept with its date and its source. It reads from the published tracker and carries its cutoff.

This is a source-reviewed record as of 2026-10-28, not a real-time legal-status service. What an authority did, what a venue restricts itself, and what OONI's volunteers observed are kept as three separate facts. Where a market was not tested, that is marked unknown — never read as permitted.

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Regulatory intelligence · Europe

One map. The document behind each action.

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Prediction-market regulation, country by country: authority actions, written replies and observed access to Polymarket and Kalshi. Select a country to see what the evidence says.

Updated 2026-10-28
24 with a recorded actionNo evidence in this layer
AlbaniaAustriaBelarusBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyKosovoLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMoldovaMontenegroNetherlandsNorth MacedoniaNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUkraineUnited Kingdom

Click or tap a country; use arrow keys within the map, or the country selector. Small jurisdictions use point markers. Grey does not mean permitted.

Boundaries: Natural Earth. EU-wide rules are in the EU record.

Czechia

3 recorded actions

Latest recorded action · 23 Oct 2026

Told Vultax that neither Polymarket nor Kalshi had objected or appealed; payment providers have a standing duty concerning accounts on the blacklist, without individual instructions; the reply names no account for either platform

Published written response

Written reply
Ministry of Finance · 2026-10-23
Neither operator has objected or appealed. Payment duties attach to listed accounts, without individual instructions.
Polymarket’s own policy
Not listedDocumentation checked 2026-10-23; access not tested.
Observed network access
No OONI observations in this dataset. Access unknown.
Read the country record →Download brief (JSON)

Source: Vultax, original ministry answers and report

Dated evidence, with each source’s own cutoff. Access observations cover 21 July–19 October 2026. This map is not a determination of lawful access.

Regulators on the record

13 authorities are on the record with us as of 2026-10-28, and counting. 10 published reports, below, are based on their written replies.

  1. SwedenSpelinspektionenNo investigation or prohibition of Polymarket or Kalshi; licensing depends on the activity and market.
  2. BelgiumKansspelcommissieNo payment-provider instructions for either operator; reports on blocking effectiveness can be followed up.
  3. European UnionESMAThe September report does not estimate EU retail participation; API data reflect global trading.
  4. United KingdomFCAIts Perimeter Report position has not changed; consumers can check firms on the FCA tools.
  5. CzechiaMinistry of FinanceNeither operator has objected or appealed. Payment duties attach to listed accounts, without individual instructions.
  6. LatviaState Revenue ServicePolymarket's website is blocked; payments to its operator are not. Two Kalshi companies are on the payment list.
  7. MaltaMalta Gaming AuthorityPrediction markets may fit Type 2 fixed-odds or Type 3 peer-to-peer licences; individual applications remain confidential.
  8. GermanyGGLProceedings confirmed against Polymarket and Kalshi. Election bets cannot be licensed.
  9. SpainDGOJWhether Polymarket is blocked depends on your network. We measured it.
  10. LithuaniaGaming Control AuthorityPolymarket subject to access and payment measures; no official data or decisions on other prediction-market sites.

Browse the record

Filter by a country or a venue. Each entry keeps the authority, the original date, the evidence it rests on and a link to the source. A filtered view has its own address you can share. A venue filter shows the rows that name that venue — not a complete legal assessment for it.

Showing 3 of 63 recorded actions — European Union.

Request a brief for European Union

  1. EU, ESMAEuropean Union

    27 Oct 2026

    An ESMA spokesperson said the September report used global API data that do not allow an estimate of EU retail participation; ESMA continues to monitor developments

    Not specified

    Evidence: Published written response

    Vultax, written answer, 27 Oct 2026

    Vultax, written answer, 27 Oct 2026

  2. EU, ESMAEuropean Union

    10 Sep 2026

    Risk report with a chapter on prediction markets: the largest platforms hold no EU authorisation, insider trading is a risk, and the platforms restrict some EU countries but not others

    Not specified

    Evidence: Authority document

    ESMA TRV Risk Monitor No. 2, 2026

    ESMA TRV Risk Monitor No. 2, 2026

  3. EU, ESMAEuropean Union

    3 Jul 2026

    Public statement: an event contract that is a financial instrument is a derivative, falls under the national bans on selling binary options to retail clients, and may be distributed only by an authorised investment firm

    Not specified

    Evidence: Authority document

    ESMA public statement, PDF

    ESMA public statement, PDF

Restrictions and observed access

Three different facts, kept in three columns: what the authority ordered, what Polymarket restricts itself, and what OONI's volunteers observed. A market with no tests is unknown, not open.

An authority's order and a venue's own restriction are separate statements; neither is a legal conclusion by Vultax.
CountryRegulator's orderPolymarket's own restriction
FranceISP block, 16 Jul 2026Close-only on website and API
BelgiumPolymarket blacklist, 30 Jan 2025; Kalshi, 15 Oct 2026Close-only on website and API
ItalyISP block, 10 Jul 2026, in force 27 JulClose-only on website and API
GermanyProceedings; no ISP orderClose-only on website and API
PolandRegister entry, 8 Jan 2025Close-only on website and API
SlovakiaList entry, 22 Jun 2026Close-only on website and API
NetherlandsPenalty order, 20 Jan 2026Close-only on website only
IrelandNo order; GRAI interventions, 2026Close-only on website only
SpainISP block, 26 May 2026Not listed
PortugalBan, 16 Jan 2026Not listed
HungaryISP block, 16 Jan 2026Not listed
CzechiaListed, 13 Jul 2026Not listed
LithuaniaISP and payment block, September 2026Not listed
RomaniaBlacklist, 29 Oct 2025Not listed
SwitzerlandISP block, 26 Nov 2024Not listed
CyprusBlocking list, by 24 Feb 2026Not listed
GreeceBlacklist, 21 Nov 2025Not listed
LatviaBlocked-site list, 25 Nov 2024Not listed
DenmarkCourt-ordered ISP block, 8 Jul 2026Not listed
UkraineRegister, 10 Dec 2025Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk only
OONI volunteer measurements over 21 July to 19 October 2026, analysed by Vultax. Counts are anomalous or failed tests out of the network sample; an anomaly is a signal of interference, not proof a page failed to load, and it describes those tests, not all connections. “No tests” means no observation in this window, not open access.
Countrypolymarket.com: anomalous/failed of testskalshi.com: anomalous/failed of testsRegulator's order
France385 of 472no testsISP block since 16 Jul 2026
Spain381 of 7911,060 of 1,621ISP block since 26 May 2026
Switzerland2 of 13no testsISP block since 26 Nov 2024
Sweden0 of 6no testsNone found
Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Hungary, Czechia, Lithuania, Romania, Belgium, Ukraine, Poland, Cyprus, Greece, Latvia, Denmark, Slovakiano testsno testsOrders in the record above

What is next

Dates already on the record for a decision, a deadline or a review. These are scheduled events, not forecasts.

  • 15 Oct 2026Czechia, Ministry of FinanceInternet providers must block kalshi.com from this day; polymarket.com has been listed since 13 July
  • About 26 Nov 2026Spain, DGOJSix-month limit on the sanction case opened on 26 May; a fine of 1 to 50 million euros is possible under article 42.3 of the Gambling Act
  • PendingUnited Kingdom, Gambling CommissionDecision on IG View Limited's application for a remote General Betting Standard - Real Event licence, shown as pending on the public register on 26 October
  • PendingItaly, TAR LazioDecision on the merits of Polymarket's appeal against the ADM block; the urgent appeal was refused on 5 August
  • PendingNetherlands, courtPolymarket's challenge to the Kansspelautoriteit's 420,000 euro penalty, forfeited after the 17 February deadline
  • PendingDenmark, appealPolymarket's appeal against the Frederiksberg court's blocking order; on 6 October the Danish Gambling Authority said a remand had been claimed and the appeal was still pending
  • 1 Jan 2027FinlandThe new licensing regime opens; no Finnish action on prediction markets has been found

Country brief: Germany

Germany: prediction-market evidence brief. A worked example of a single-country brief, as of 2026-10-28: the authority's actions, the venue's own restriction, any OONI observations, the sources, and what the brief cannot tell you.

Authority actions

  • Germany, GGL7 Oct 2026

    Confirmed to Vultax that administrative proceedings are open against Polymarket and Kalshi, both responded, geoblocking is in place, and no internet-provider block was requested

    Vultax, 7 Oct 2026

  • Nine regulators: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland17 Jun 2026

    Joint statement at the opening of the World Cup warning about unlicensed prediction markets and pledging enforcement; the GGL told Vultax on 7 October that no joint measures had followed yet

    EGRGaming Tech Law

  • Germany, GGL5 Sep 2025

    Public warning naming Polymarket: paid bets on social and political events cannot be licensed in Germany

    GGL warning

Policy and observed access

Polymarket's own restriction
Close-only on website and API
Regulator's order
Proceedings; no ISP order

OONI observations over 21 July to 19 October 2026

No OONI measurement for Germany in this window. That is an absence of observation, not evidence that access was open.

What this brief cannot tell you: A dated evidence brief from the published source record, not legal advice or a determination of lawful access. Authority actions, venue policy and network observations are separate. No measurement means no observation in the stated dataset, not zero interference. Source notes identify reported or unlinked material. This sample has not been commissioned by a customer.

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An Atom feed of this record's published revisions. It updates when the source record changes — it is a feed to add to a reader, not an email alert, and there is no account or sign-up. We do not run an autonomous watch on your behalf.

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The full public snapshot as JSON — every action, source, restriction and measurement with its cutoff. A single country's brief downloads from the country brief above.

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Prefer the prose? The full study is Regulatory actions on Polymarket and Kalshi in Europe. Data Vultax collects from public sources is published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0; see the data page for the licence and citation line.