What US states have done about prediction markets
32 of the 50 states and the District of Columbia have a state act, a court case or a tribal suit about prediction markets on this record. It keeps 251 entries, each with its date and its source, read to 7 Nov 2026.
Most of it is about sports contracts. Regulators or attorneys general in twelve states have sent exchanges cease-and-desist letters, regulators in eight have told their own licensed sportsbooks to keep away, and states or cities in thirteen have gone to court. Arizona and Utah have charged Kalshi with crimes. The exchanges have sued state officials in nineteen states, and the United States and the CFTC have sued, or joined a suit against, ten.
The newer move is legislation. Kentucky, Illinois and North Carolina have passed taxes on the exchanges, though a federal court has blocked the Illinois tax for registered exchanges. Minnesota made running a prediction market a felony, a law also blocked for registered exchanges. Tennessee and Utah changed their criminal codes, and six governors have barred state staff from trading on inside information. Attorneys general have signed nine joint filings in the courts and at the CFTC; Florida, Georgia, North Dakota and Texas signed none of them.
In nineteen jurisdictions we found no state act at all. That is a gap in the record of action, not a permission: their gambling laws still apply as written.
What comes next
- 12 Nov 2026KentuckyPolymarket US's objections to sending the Commonwealth's case back to state court; Kentucky answers by 10 December.
- 12 Nov 2026Ohio, TennesseeOhio's and Tennessee's answer to Kalshi's petition for rehearing by the full Sixth Circuit.
- 13 Nov 2026NevadaResponse due to Robinhood's Supreme Court petition, No. 26-338.
- 16 Nov 2026NevadaResponse due to Crypto.com's Supreme Court petition, No. 26-344; Nevada asked on 6 November for more time.
- 20 Nov 2026ConnecticutConnecticut's brief due in Kalshi's Second Circuit appeal.
- 20 Nov 2026UtahHearing on the United States' and CFTC's motion to stop Utah's enforcement against CFTC-registered exchanges.
- 25 Nov 2026CaliforniaKalshi's report on how it complies with the tribes' injunction of 4 November.
- 4 Dec 2026UtahKalshiEX's first appearance on the state's criminal charges.
- 5 Dec 2026Every stateThe CFTC's 30 days end: exchanges it registers are to drop state-by-state restrictions that breach its impartial-access rule, or explain why they cannot. An agency deadline, not a court date.
- 7 Dec 2026IowaKalshi's opening brief due in its Eighth Circuit appeal of the Iowa ruling (No. 26-2874).
- 7 Dec 2026New JerseyKalshi's response due to New Jersey's Supreme Court petition, No. 26-299.
- 2 Feb 2027NevadaLast day for Kalshi to petition the Supreme Court in its Nevada case, counted by Vultax under the Court's Rule 13.3.
The record, latest first
Each entry is one dated act: a letter, a suit, a charge, a law, a ruling. A complaint is an allegation, and a preliminary injunction is not a final decision. Choose a state in the table below to see only its entries.
Showing 9 entries for California. Show every state
| Date | State and body | What happened | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 Nov 2026 | CaliforniaFederal court (N.D. Cal.) | What happenedCourt rulingGranted the tribes' motion for a preliminary injunction: Kalshi Inc. and KalshiEX LLC may not offer any sports contracts on the tribes' Indian lands; the tribes must give Kalshi maps of those lands by 13 November 2026 and Kalshi must report on compliance within 21 days. | SourceOrder of 4 November 2026Court document |
| 21 Oct 2026 | CaliforniaFederal court (N.D. Cal.) | What happenedCourt rulingAfter a case management conference, told the parties to discuss a stipulation on geofencing, allowed the tribes to add Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians as a plaintiff and to amend their complaint, and terminated the defendants' motions to dismiss without prejudice. | SourceOrder of 21 October 2026Court document |
| 16 Sep 2026 | CaliforniaU.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit | What happenedCourt rulingReversed the denial of the tribes' preliminary injunction (Blue Lake Rancheria v. Kalshi, No. 25-7504), holding that they are likely to show that Kalshi's sports event contracts entered from tribal land are class III gaming offered in violation of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and their gaming ordinances, and that the CFTC's exclusive jurisdiction does not reach them; affirmed the rejection of the Lanham Act claim and sent the case back for the remaining injunction factors. | SourceOpinion 25-7504Court document |
| 27 Mar 2026 | CaliforniaGovernor | What happenedRegulator orderGovernor Gavin Newsom issued an executive order barring all gubernatorial appointees from using confidential or nonpublic information obtained in their official roles to profit, or to help others profit, on prediction markets; it took effect immediately. | SourceGovernor's release, 27 March 2026The signed order (scanned PDF)Partly read; see the note |
| 23 Mar 2026 | CaliforniaLegislature (Assembly) | What happenedBillAB 2446 (Assembly Member Sharp-Collins) was amended to require the Attorney General to investigate any payout of $5,000 or more from prediction market wagering on an event outcome that was a matter of national security. | SourceBill page (leginfo; returned HTTP 403 when read)Legislature's 2025-2026 session data file (bill text and history read from it)Authority document |
| 16 Mar 2026 | CaliforniaLegislature (Assembly) | What happenedBillAB 2617 (Assembly Members Schiavo and Bonta), the Protecting Kids from Online Gambling Act, was amended to bar websites and apps from making available or advertising online gambling or prediction market wagering to minors, with age assurance, Attorney General enforcement and civil penalties. | SourceBill page (leginfo; returned HTTP 403 when read)Legislature's 2025-2026 session data file (bill text and history read from it)Authority document |
| 11 Feb 2026 | CaliforniaLegislature (Assembly) | What happenedBillAB 1840 (Assembly Member Sanchez) was introduced: it would bar specified state and local officials, employees and lobbyists from trading prediction market contracts when they hold, or may foreseeably obtain through their duties, material nonpublic information about the trade; violations would be misdemeanors under the Political Reform Act. | SourceBill page (leginfo; returned HTTP 403 when read)Legislature's 2025-2026 session data file (bill text and history read from it)Authority document |
| 10 Nov 2025 | CaliforniaFederal court (N.D. Cal.) | What happenedCourt rulingJudge Jacqueline Scott Corley denied the tribes' motion for a preliminary injunction, reasoning that the transactions do not occur on Indian lands and that the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act, not the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, controls. | SourceNinth Circuit opinion 25-7504 (describes the ruling)Third Circuit opinion citing 2025 WL 3141202 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2025)Partly read; see the note |
| 22 Jul 2025 | CaliforniaTribes (federal court, N.D. Cal.) | What happenedTribal suitBlue Lake Rancheria, Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians and Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians sued Kalshi Inc., KalshiEX LLC, Robinhood Markets, Inc. and Robinhood Derivatives LLC (N.D. Cal. 3:25-cv-06162), alleging that their sports event contracts are illegal sports gambling on the tribes' reservations in violation of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, and seeking injunctions and damages. | SourceComplaint, filed 22 July 2025Court document |
State by state
One row per state, in alphabetical order. The first column links to the state's entries in the record and to its gaming regulator; the other three say, in a line each, what the state has done, where its court cases stand, and what the venues say they restrict there.
| State | What the state has done | Where the courts stand | Venues' own limits |
|---|---|---|---|
| AlabamaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Attorney General (no gaming regulator) | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| AlaskaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 7 of 9Department of Law (no gaming regulator) | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Arizona16 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Arizona Department of Gaming | What the state has doneDepartment of Gaming letters to Kalshi, Crypto.com and Robinhood and a warning to licensees (2025); the Attorney General's criminal charges against Kalshi (17 Mar 2026). | Where the courts standFederal injunction for the United States and the CFTC against the state's enforcement (5 May 2026), on appeal; Kalshi's own request refused. | Venues' own limitsNovig: not offered. PrizePicks: no event contracts. |
| Arkansas1 entryJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Arkansas Racing Commission | What the state has doneThe Attorney General's suit against Kalshi (4 Nov 2026). | Where the courts standThe Attorney General's suit against Kalshi, filed 4 Nov 2026 in Independence County; no ruling. | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| California9 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Bureau of Gambling Control and Gambling Control Commission | What the state has doneThe Governor's order barring appointees from trading on inside information (Mar 2026) and three Assembly bills, none passed; no state enforcement found. | Where the courts standFederal injunction for the tribes in Blue Lake Rancheria v. Kalshi (4 Nov 2026), after the Ninth Circuit ruled for them on 16 Sep: no Kalshi sports contracts on their lands. | Venues' own limitsKalshi: no sports contracts on the plaintiff tribes' lands, by court order. |
| ColoradoNo entriesJoint filings signed: 7 of 9Colorado Division of Gaming | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| Connecticut16 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Department of Consumer Protection, Gaming Division | What the state has doneCease-and-desist orders to Kalshi, Robinhood and Crypto.com (Dec 2025) and to nine more exchanges, with about 30 subpoenas (Sep 2026); the state's suit against Kalshi (26 Aug 2026); a study law. | Where the courts standKalshi's and Coinbase's injunction requests refused, on appeal (injunctions pending appeal denied 3 Nov 2026); the state's suit against Kalshi removed; the United States and the CFTC are suing the state. | Venues' own limitsWebull and PrizePicks: no sports. |
| DelawareNo entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Delaware Lottery | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| District of ColumbiaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Office of Lottery and Gaming | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standA private class action against both Polymarket companies; no case by an authority. | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| FloridaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 0 of 9Florida Gaming Control Commission | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| GeorgiaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 0 of 9Attorney General (no gaming regulator) | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Hawaii1 entryJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Attorney General (no gaming regulator) | What the state has doneA House-passed bill adding prediction markets to the definition of gambling (HB 2198, Mar 2026), with no later action found. | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Idaho1 entryJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Attorney General (no gaming regulator) | What the state has doneThe Attorney General's public letter of 23 Mar 2026 defending the state's power to regulate sports betting. | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Illinois15 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Illinois Gaming Board | What the state has doneGaming Board letters to Kalshi, Robinhood and Crypto.com (Apr 2025) and Polymarket US (Jan 2026), a warning to licensees, and a June 2026 law that licenses and taxes sports contracts on exchanges. | Where the courts standFederal injunctions in part against the state's enforcement (ruling 2 Oct, entered 30 Oct 2026), appealed by Illinois. | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| IndianaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 4 of 9Indiana Gaming Commission | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Iowa2 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission | What the state has doneNo state letter or suit found; Kalshi sued the Attorney General and the Racing and Gaming Commission in March 2026. | Where the courts standKalshi's suit against the Attorney General and the Commission: injunction denied 8 Sep 2026, on appeal in the Eighth Circuit (No. 26-2874). | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Kansas1 entryJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Kansas Racing and Gaming Commission | What the state has doneNone found; the Racing and Gaming Commission said in April 2025 that it had no plans to send letters (reported). | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Kentucky9 entriesJoint filings signed: 3 of 9Kentucky Horse Racing and Gaming Corporation | What the state has doneLaws taxing operators at 14.25% from 2027 and barring licensees from dealing with prediction markets (Apr 2026); the Attorney General's suits against Kalshi and Polymarket US (17 Jun 2026). | Where the courts standThe Commonwealth's suit against Polymarket US, removed, with a recommendation of 14 Oct 2026 to send it back; the United States' and CFTC's suit against the state, no ruling. | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| Louisiana4 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Louisiana Gaming Control Board | What the state has doneGaming Control Board notice to licensees calling sports event contracts illegal gambling (Dec 2025). | Where the courts standSuits by Kalshi (23 Oct 2026) and Polymarket US (27 Oct 2026) against state officials; no ruling. | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| MaineNo entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Gambling Control Unit | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Maryland14 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Lottery and Gaming Control Agency | What the state has doneCease-and-desist letters to Kalshi, Robinhood and Crypto.com (Apr 2025), a notice to licensees (Nov 2025), the governor's insider-trading order (Apr 2026) and Baltimore's two suits (Aug 2026). | Where the courts standKalshi's appeal argued in the Fourth Circuit on 7 May 2026, undecided; Baltimore's suits against Kalshi (stayed) and Polymarket US (removed). | Venues' own limitsRobinhood, Webull and PrizePicks: no sports. |
| Massachusetts5 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Massachusetts Gaming Commission | What the state has doneThe Attorney General's suit against Kalshi (2025) and the Gaming Commission's letter warning its licensees (Nov 2025). | Where the courts standState-court injunction against Kalshi (20 Jan 2026), on appeal at the Supreme Judicial Court. | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| Michigan17 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Michigan Gaming Control Board | What the state has doneGaming Control Board warnings and a licensee memo (2025), the Attorney General's suit against Kalshi (Mar 2026), and court-approved deals with Robinhood, Coinbase and Polymarket US to stop sports contracts. | Where the courts standThe Attorney General's suit against Kalshi is back in state court; Polymarket US's injunction request refused (17 Jun 2026), on appeal. | Venues' own limitsKalshi: no sports, by court order. Polymarket US: sports positions closing by 25 Nov 2026 under a stipulation. Robinhood, Coinbase, Webull and PrizePicks: no sports. Novig: not offered. |
| Minnesota5 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Alcohol and Gambling Enforcement Division | What the state has doneA law making it a felony to operate a prediction market, in force 1 Aug 2026. | Where the courts standFederal injunctions (27 Jul 2026) bar the state's prediction-market law against CFTC-registered exchanges until a final decision. | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| MississippiNo entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Mississippi Gaming Commission | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Missouri10 entriesJoint filings signed: 3 of 9Missouri Gaming Commission | What the state has doneThe Attorney General's cease-and-desist letters to six operators (Sep 2026); the Gaming Commission told the CFTC that unlicensed sports contracts are unlawful (Apr 2026). | Where the courts standSuits by Novig and Crypto.com (16 Oct 2026) and Kalshi (27 Oct 2026) against state officials; no ruling. | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| Montana5 entriesJoint filings signed: 1 of 9Gambling Control Division and Montana Lottery | What the state has doneGambling Control Division cease-and-desist letters to Kalshi (26 Mar 2025 and 6 Apr 2026); in a stipulation of 17 Sep 2026 the State agreed to hold off enforcement against Kalshi pending its Nevada appeal, then give 30 days' notice. | Where the courts standKalshi's suit against state officials (12 Apr 2026) was dismissed by stipulation on 17 Sep 2026, after its injunction request was denied without prejudice on 27 Aug. | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| NebraskaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Nebraska Racing and Gaming Commission | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Nevada32 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Nevada Gaming Control Board | What the state has doneGaming Control Board letters to Kalshi, Robinhood and Crypto.com (2025), notices to licensees, and state-court suits with injunctions against Polymarket, Coinbase and Kalshi (2026); it accepted the surrender of FanDuel's licences (Nov 2025). | Where the courts standNinth Circuit for the state (28 Aug 2026), rehearing refused 4 Nov; state-court injunctions against Kalshi, Coinbase and Polymarket US; Supreme Court petitions by Crypto.com and Robinhood pending. | Venues' own limitsKalshi: sports, election and entertainment contracts, by court order. Polymarket US, Coinbase and Novig: not offered. Robinhood and Webull: no sports. PrizePicks: not served. |
| New HampshireNo entriesJoint filings signed: 1 of 9New Hampshire Lottery Commission | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| New Jersey6 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Division of Gaming Enforcement | What the state has doneDivision of Gaming Enforcement cease-and-desist letters to Kalshi and Robinhood (27 Mar 2025); the state's Supreme Court petition (Sep 2026). | Where the courts standThird Circuit for Kalshi (6 Apr 2026); the state's Supreme Court petition, No. 26-299, pending. | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| New Mexico3 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9New Mexico Gaming Control Board | What the state has doneThe Attorney General's suit against Kalshi (4 Jun 2026). | Where the courts standThe United States' and CFTC's suit against the state, no ruling; the Mescalero Apache Tribe's suit against Kalshi under advisement. | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| New York17 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9New York State Gaming Commission | What the state has doneGaming Commission cease-and-desist to Kalshi (Oct 2025); the Attorney General's suits against Coinbase, Gemini, Kalshi and Polymarket US (Apr to Sep 2026); the governor's insider-trading order; three bills in committee. | Where the courts standKalshi's injunction request refused (7 Jul 2026), on appeal; the state's petitions against Kalshi, Polymarket US, Coinbase and Gemini removed; the United States' and CFTC's suit, no ruling. | Venues' own limitsCrypto.com app: not offered. PrizePicks: no event contracts. |
| North Carolina3 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9North Carolina State Lottery Commission | What the state has doneA 6% tax on operators' net trading fees from 1 Jan 2027, and the governor's insider-trading order (May 2026). | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| North DakotaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 0 of 9Attorney General, Gaming Division | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Ohio15 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Ohio Casino Control CommissionAnswered Vultax 22 Oct 2026 | What the state has doneCasino Control Commission letters to Kalshi, Robinhood and Crypto.com (2025) and to ten more firms (Oct 2026), warnings to licensees, and a proposed $5 million fine on Kalshi (Apr 2026). | Where the courts standSixth Circuit for the state (25 Sep 2026), Kalshi's petition for rehearing pending; Polymarket US's suit, no ruling. | Venues' own limitsRobinhood: no new sports positions since 2 Nov 2026. PrizePicks: no sports. |
| Oklahoma1 entryJoint filings signed: 7 of 9Gaming Compliance Unit (no sports wagering regulator) | What the state has doneNone found; the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes asked federal regulators to make prediction markets follow gaming law (Jul 2026). | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| OregonNo entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Oregon State Lottery | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Pennsylvania6 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board | What the state has doneGaming Control Board letters to Congress and comments to the CFTC, a House hearing (Dec 2025) and two bills. | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| Rhode Island4 entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Rhode Island Lottery | What the state has doneThe state's suit against Kalshi and Polymarket US (21 May 2026). | Where the courts standKalshi's suit, joined by the United States and the CFTC; injunction motions heard 3 Aug 2026, no ruling seen. | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| South CarolinaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Attorney General (no gaming regulator) | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| South DakotaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 9 of 9Commission on Gaming | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Tennessee7 entriesJoint filings signed: 7 of 9Tennessee Sports Wagering Council | What the state has doneSports Wagering Council cease-and-desist letters to Kalshi, Polymarket and Crypto.com (Jan 2026), and a law against influencing events while holding a contract on them (in force 1 Jul 2026). | Where the courts standSixth Circuit set aside Kalshi's injunction (25 Sep 2026); Kalshi's petition for rehearing pending. | Venues' own limitsPrizePicks: no sports. |
| Texas2 entriesJoint filings signed: 0 of 9Attorney General (no gaming regulator) | What the state has doneA Senate interim study of prediction markets, with a committee hearing on 15 Sep 2026. | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Utah10 entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Attorney General (no gaming regulator) | What the state has doneA law adding proposition bets to gambling (May 2026), the Attorney General's civil suit (20 Oct 2026) and criminal charges against Kalshi (28 Oct 2026). | Where the courts standFederal court for the state in Kalshi's suit (4 Aug 2026), on appeal; the state's civil suit and criminal charges against Kalshi; the United States' and CFTC's suit, hearing 20 Nov 2026. | Venues' own limitsRobinhood: no new sports, culture, elections or politics positions since 2 Nov 2026. PrizePicks: no event contracts. |
| VermontNo entriesJoint filings signed: 8 of 9Vermont Department of Liquor and Lottery | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Virginia1 entryJoint filings signed: 7 of 9Virginia Lottery | What the state has doneA House-passed bill to study prediction markets, continued to 2027. | Where the courts standA private suit by one user against Kalshi; no case by an authority. | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Washington4 entriesJoint filings signed: 6 of 9Washington State Gambling Commission | What the state has doneThe Attorney General's suit against Kalshi (27 Mar 2026), with a state-court injunction. | Where the courts standState-court injunction (12 Aug 2026): Kalshi must stop offering sports, election and other listed contracts in Washington. | Venues' own limitsKalshi: most contract types, by court order. PrizePicks: not served. |
| West VirginiaNo entriesJoint filings signed: 5 of 9West Virginia Lottery Commission | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| Wisconsin9 entriesJoint filings signed: 7 of 9Division of Gaming | What the state has doneThe Department of Justice's three suits against Kalshi, Robinhood, Coinbase, Polymarket and Crypto.com (23 Apr 2026), the governor's insider-trading order and an Elections Commission warning to voters. | Where the courts standFederal injunction for the United States and the CFTC refused (28 Jul 2026), on appeal; the state's three suits removed to federal court; the Ho-Chunk Nation's suit stayed. | Venues' own limitsNone published |
| WyomingNo entriesJoint filings signed: 7 of 9Wyoming Gaming Commission | What the state has doneNone found | Where the courts standNo case found | Venues' own limitsNone published |
What the states signed together
Attorneys general have also acted together, in nine filings so far: briefs supporting states in court and two comment letters telling the CFTC that sports event contracts belong to state gambling law. Each is listed once, with the states that did not sign it; twenty-two jurisdictions signed every one. A state that is a party to a case does not sign a brief filed in its support.
| Date | Filing | Who signed | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Nov 2026 | Brief of Ohio, Nevada, 35 other states, the District of Columbia and the Northern Mariana IslandsSecond Circuit, KalshiEX LLC v. Williams, No. 26-1835Supports New York's gaming officials in Kalshi's appeal. | Who signed38 attorneys general. Not signed: Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin. | SourceThe brief, as posted by the California Attorney General |
| 4 Nov 2026 | Brief of Ohio, Nevada, 36 other states, the District of Columbia and the Northern Mariana IslandsSeventh Circuit, the appeals in United States and CFTC v. Wisconsin (Nos. 26-2636, 26-2675, 26-2696)Supports Wisconsin in the federal government's suit against it. | Who signed39 attorneys general. Not signed: Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin. | SourceThe brief, as posted by the California Attorney General |
| 28 Oct 2026 | Brief of Ohio, Nevada, 35 other states, the District of Columbia and the Northern Mariana IslandsTenth Circuit, KalshiEX LLC v. Cox, No. 26-4100Supports Utah's officials and asks the court to affirm the judgment that federal law does not shield Kalshi from Utah's gambling laws. | Who signed38 attorneys general. Not signed: Alaska, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah. | SourceThe brief, as posted by the California Attorney General |
| 7 Oct 2026 | Brief of Ohio, 38 other states and the District of ColumbiaU.S. Supreme Court, Flaherty v. KalshiEX LLC, No. 26-299Supports New Jersey's petition and asks the Court to review the Third Circuit's ruling for Kalshi. | Who signed40 attorneys general. Not signed: Alaska, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Montana, New Jersey, North Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington. | SourceThe brief, on the Supreme Court's docket |
| 27 Jul 2026 | Comment letter of Ohio, Kentucky, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Tennessee, Utah and 36 other statesCFTC, proposed rule on prediction markets and public-interest determinations, RIN 3038-AF65Says the CFTC lacks statutory authority for its proposed rule, that the rule as proposed would be arbitrary and capricious, and that it would raise a constitutional nondelegation problem; asks the CFTC to draft a new rule. | Who signed44 attorneys general. Not signed: District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Texas. | SourceThe letter, as published by Wolters Kluwer |
| 11 Jun 2026 | Brief of Nevada, Utah, 37 other states and the District of ColumbiaSixth Circuit, KalshiEX LLC v. Schuler, No. 26-3196Supports Ohio's officials and asks the court to affirm the denial of Kalshi's preliminary injunction. | Who signed40 attorneys general. Not signed: Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia. | SourceThe brief, as posted by the California Attorney General |
| 30 Apr 2026 | Comment letter of Ohio, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Tennessee, Utah, 34 other states and the District of ColumbiaCFTC, advance notice of proposed rulemaking on prediction marketsSays the CFTC lacks exclusive jurisdiction over sports-related event contracts, that they are not swaps and are contrary to the public interest, and that the states should regulate sports betting. | Who signed41 attorneys general. Not signed: Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming. | SourceThe letter, as posted by the Colorado Attorney General |
| 24 Apr 2026 | Brief of Nevada, Ohio, 35 other states and the District of ColumbiaMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, Commonwealth v. KalshiEX LLC, SJC-13906Supports Massachusetts and asks the court to affirm the Superior Court's injunction against KalshiEX; argues that Congress did not displace state gambling law when it amended the Commodity Exchange Act in 2010. | Who signed38 attorneys general. Not signed: Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming. | SourceThe brief, as posted by the New York Attorney General |
| 10 Mar 2026 | Brief of Ohio, New Jersey, 37 other states and the District of ColumbiaNinth Circuit, the appeals of Crypto.com, KalshiEX LLC and Robinhood against Nevada (Nos. 25-7187, 25-7516, 25-7831)Supports Nevada and argues that federal law does not displace its gaming law for sports event contracts. | Who signed40 attorneys general. Not signed: Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia. | SourceThe brief, as posted by the Idaho Attorney General |
Laws and taxes
Most states have acted through letters and lawsuits under the gambling laws they already had. Some have written new law aimed at prediction markets: taxes in three states, a felony in Minnesota, changes to the criminal code in Tennessee and Utah, and a study in Connecticut. Bills that have not passed are listed so that their status can be followed; a bill is not a law.
| State | Measure | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| IllinoisBill | MeasureHB 5811: would repeal the exchange-wager tax and definition enacted in SB 3019. | StatusFiled 2 September 2026; no committee assignment shown. Read in a bill tracker. | SourceHB 5811 (FastDemocracy) |
| PennsylvaniaBill | MeasureHB 2711: prediction-market rules against insider trading, with civil penalties. | StatusReferred to the House Consumer Protection, Technology and Utilities Committee on 22 July 2026. | SourceHB 2711 (Pennsylvania General Assembly) |
| North CarolinaTax | MeasureSB 257, the 2026 Appropriations Act: a tax of 6% on a prediction-market operator's net trading fees from traders in North Carolina; reported to require no state licence. | StatusSigned 7 July 2026; applies from 1 January 2027. Rate and terms read in published summaries; the session law text was not read. | SourceGovernor's release, 7 Jul 2026 |
| IllinoisTax | MeasureSB 3019 (Public Act 104-0468): sports contracts on an exchange become "exchange wagers" that need an Illinois sports wagering licence, taxed at 1.75% of each wager for a licensee's first five million in a fiscal year and 3.5% after that. | StatusSigned in June 2026 and in force on becoming law. Since 30 October a federal injunction bars enforcement, taxes included, against contracts on CFTC-registered markets; Illinois has appealed. | SourcePublic Act 104-0468, Article 130 (archived General Assembly copy) |
| MinnesotaLaw | MeasureS.F. 4760 (Laws 2026, ch. 97) and S.F. 3432 (ch. 118): a felony to operate or facilitate a prediction market on sports, elections and other listed events, or to advertise one. | StatusSigned 18 and 26 May 2026; in force 1 August 2026. A federal injunction of 27 July bars enforcement against CFTC-registered exchanges until a final decision. | SourceLaws 2026, chapter 118 (Revisor of Statutes) |
| TennesseeLaw | MeasureSB 1992 (Public Chapter 1109): a felony to try to influence whether an event happens while holding a prediction-market contract that settles on it. | StatusSigned 22 May 2026; in force 1 July 2026. Bill text read in a published copy. | SourceSB 1992 as amended (published copy) |
| ConnecticutLaw | MeasureHB 5229 (Public Act 26-53): the Commissioner of Consumer Protection, with the Attorney General, the Lottery and the two tribes, studies prediction markets and reports by February 2027. | StatusSigned 19 May 2026. A separate bill from the governor, HB 5038, to bar people under 21, did not pass, as reported. | SourceGovernor's bill notification |
| PennsylvaniaBill | MeasureHB 2497: licenses "event outcome prediction wagering" under the Gaming Control Board, with a tax and a local share assessment. | StatusReferred to the House Gaming Oversight Committee on 8 May 2026. | SourceHB 2497 (Pennsylvania General Assembly) |
| North CarolinaBill | MeasureHB 1171, Prohibit Gambling in Prediction Markets. | StatusIn the House Rules Committee since 4 May 2026. Read in a bill tracker. | SourceHB 1171 (LegiList) |
| KentuckyLaw | MeasureHB 904 (ch. 184) and HB 869 (ch. 198): sports wagering and fantasy licensees may not contract with platforms offering sports event contracts in Kentucky; the sports wagering age rises to 21. | StatusHB 904 enacted over the governor's veto on 14 April 2026; HB 869 signed 27 April. Challenged by the United States and the CFTC. | SourceGeneral Assembly record for HB 869 (archived copy) |
| KentuckyTax | MeasureHB 757 (2026 Acts ch. 161): excise tax of 14.25% on prediction-market operators' transaction fees, defined to include the price a customer pays for a contract. | StatusEnacted over the governor's vetoes on 14 April 2026; applies from 1 January 2027. Challenged by the United States and the CFTC and, as reported, by an industry group in state court. | SourceGeneral Assembly record for HB 757 (archived copy) |
| UtahLaw | MeasureH.B. 243, Gambling Revisions (Laws of Utah 2026, ch. 410): adds proposition bets on an individual action, statistic or occurrence to Utah's definition of gambling. | StatusSigned 25 March 2026; in force 6 May 2026. Read through a bill tracker and a court filing. | SourceH.B. 243 history (Better Utah Institute tracker) |
| CaliforniaBill | MeasureAB 2446: the Attorney General would investigate any prediction-market payout of $5,000 or more on an event that was a matter of national security. | StatusRe-referred to the Governmental Organization Committee on 24 March 2026; no later action recorded. | SourceAB 2446 (California Legislative Information) |
| CaliforniaBill | MeasureAB 2617, the Protecting Kids from Online Gambling Act: no online gambling or prediction-market wagering offered or advertised to minors, with age checks and civil penalties. | StatusRe-referred to the Governmental Organization Committee on 17 March 2026; no later action recorded. | SourceAB 2617 (California Legislative Information) |
| New YorkBill | MeasureS9414, the ORACLE Act: minimum age of 21, bans on some market types, advertising and insider-trading rules, and no prediction markets from state-licensed wagering operators. | StatusIn committee. | SourceS9414 (New York State Senate) |
| HawaiiBill | MeasureHB 2198: adds prediction markets on catastrophes, contests, deaths, legislation, national security, people, politics and sports to the Penal Code's definition of gambling. | StatusPassed the House on 10 March 2026; referred to Senate committees on 12 March, with no later action recorded. | SourceHB 2198 (Hawaii State Legislature) |
| IllinoisBill | MeasureSB 4168, the Prediction Market Regulation and Taxation Act: a $1 million master licence and a 50% tax on adjusted gross receipts, reported as limited to contracts other than sports. | StatusReferred to Assignments; no further action reported. | SourceCovers, 6 Mar 2026 |
| VirginiaBill | MeasureHB 271: a new Virginia Gaming Commission, directed to study prediction markets by 1 October 2029. | StatusPassed the House 90 to 7; continued to 2027 by the Senate Finance and Appropriations Committee on 9 March 2026. | SourceHB 271 (Virginia Legislative Information System) |
| CaliforniaBill | MeasureAB 1840: officials, employees and lobbyists may not trade prediction-market contracts on material nonpublic information. | StatusIn the Assembly Elections Committee since 23 February 2026; its hearings were cancelled at the author's request. | SourceAB 1840 (California Legislative Information) |
| New YorkBill | MeasureS8889: prediction-market platforms need a Department of Financial Services licence before serving New York residents. | StatusIn committee. | SourceS8889 (New York State Senate) |
| New YorkBill | MeasureA9251: bars platforms from offering New York consumers markets on catastrophes, politics, deaths, athletic events and unlawful commodities. | StatusIn committee. | SourceA9251 (New York State Senate site) |
What the venues restrict themselves
What a venue does in a state is a separate fact from what the state has done. Some venues keep out of states where a court has ordered them to, some launched their prediction products only in states without their own licensed sportsbook, and some list no state at all. This table records what each venue publishes about itself.
| Venue | What it says it restricts | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KalshiKalshiEX LLC | What it says it restrictsNames no US state in its member agreement of 1 October 2026. Court orders limit it in Nevada (sports, election and entertainment contracts), Washington (sports, elections, politics, entertainment, culture, tech and science, and mentions), Michigan (sports) and on the plaintiff tribes' lands in California (sports); those orders are in the record. | SourceKalshi member agreement, 1 Oct 2026Read 7 Nov 2026 |
| Polymarket USQCX LLC | What it says it restrictsIts App Store listing says trading is currently unavailable in Nevada. Under a court-approved stipulation it stops new sports contracts for Michigan customers and closes their positions by 25 November 2026. | SourcePolymarket app, App Store listingRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| polymarket.comBlockratize, Inc. | What it says it restrictsRestricts the whole United States: its developer documentation lists the US as close-only, while its help centre lists it among countries completely restricted. | SourcePolymarket documentation, geographic restrictionsRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| RobinhoodRobinhood Derivatives, LLC | What it says it restrictsNo sports contracts for residents of Maryland, Michigan and Nevada. Since 2 November 2026, no new sports positions in Ohio, and no new sports, culture, elections or politics positions in Utah. | SourceRobinhood support, event contracts overviewRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| CoinbaseCoinbase Financial Markets, Inc. (markets run by Kalshi) | What it says it restrictsNo prediction markets in Nevada, citing a Nevada restraining order against Coinbase for which it gives no date or case number; no sports markets for Michigan residents. | SourceCoinbase help, prediction marketsRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| WebullWebull Futures LLC (markets from Kalshi) | What it says it restrictsNo sports contracts for customers in Nevada, Maryland, Connecticut or Michigan. | SourceWebull prediction markets pageRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| NovigLudlow Exchange, LLC | What it says it restrictsAvailable everywhere except Nevada, Arizona and Michigan, where no account can be opened and no trade placed. | SourceNovig support, eligibility and legalityRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| Crypto.com and OG.comNorth American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. | What it says it restrictsOG.com says it is available in all states but that some contracts may be unavailable in some, without naming them. The Crypto.com app is not offered in New York. | SourceOG.com help, market availabilityRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| FanDuel PredictsFanDuel Prediction Markets LLC | What it says it restrictsContracts other than sports in all 50 states; sports contracts only in Alabama, Alaska, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas and Utah. | SourceFanDuel Predicts, App Store listingRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| Fanatics MarketsMorton St. Trading Investments, LLC | What it says it restrictsLive only in 21 states (Alabama, Alaska, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota and Texas) and four territories, for people 21 and over. | SourceFanatics Markets, where we are liveRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| PrizePicksPerformance Predictions II, LLC | What it says it restrictsNo sports contracts in Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Tennessee; no event contracts in Arizona, New York and Utah; Nevada and Washington are not served. | SourcePrizePicks help centre, eligibility (updated 28 Oct 2026)Read 7 Nov 2026 |
| ProphetXProphetX LLC | What it says it restrictsNames no restricted state; says its sports prediction market is available nationwide. | SourceProphetX, App Store listingRead 7 Nov 2026 |
| GeminiGemini Titan, LLC | What it says it restrictsNames no restricted state; says its prediction market is available in all 50 states. | SourceGemini, App Store listingRead 7 Nov 2026 |
What state regulators told Vultax in writing
One state regulator has answered Vultax in writing so far. Answers are added here with their date, in the words the regulator approved.
- OhioOhio Casino Control CommissionTen letters went out; one company confirmed compliance, two companies are suing, and talks with the others continue.
How we built this record
We read each state's gaming regulator and attorney general pages, the legislature's bill search, the governor's signing releases and the courts' own orders, for acts from January 2025 to 7 November 2026. The court cases come from the Vultax lawsuit tracker, where each case is checked against its docket. Where we could not find a copy of a document, the entry rests on press reports and says so under its source.
An entry records what a body did, on the day it did it. A complaint is an allegation, a preliminary injunction is not a final decision, and a bill is not a law. A state with no entries is one where our search found no state act; its gambling law still applies as written, and no entry is a statement that anything is allowed there.
Venue limits are what each venue publishes about itself, read on the date shown, and they change. On 5 November 2026 the CFTC told the exchanges it registers to end, within 30 days, state-by-state restrictions that breach its impartial-access rule, or to explain why they cannot.
Three joint briefs are not yet listed, because we could not read their signature pages: one in the Third Circuit in 2025, one in the Fourth Circuit in 2025 and one in the Sixth Circuit for Tennessee in 2026. DraftKings Predictions and Underdog publish their state lists on pages we could not load, so they are left out of the venue table. Several state sites refused connections from our location; where that happened, the line under an entry's source says what was read instead.
This page describes public documents; it is not legal advice. The European record is at /research/europe, and every court case here has its docket in the lawsuit tracker. Data Vultax compiles from public sources is published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0; see the data page. Challenge a line at [email protected].